Triazoles and tetrazoles: Prime ligands to generate remarkable coordination materials

The current great interest in preparing functional metal-organic materials is inevitably associated with tremendous research efforts dedicated to the design and synthesis of new families of sophisticated multi-nucleating ligands. In this context, the N-donor triazole and tetrazole rings represent two categories of ligands that are increasingly used, most likely as the result of the recent dramatic development of "click chemistry" and Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIFs). Thus, azole-based complexes have found numerous applications in coordination chemistry. In the present review, we focus on the utilization of 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole and tetrazole ligands to create coordination polymers, metal complexes and spin-crossover compounds, reported to the end of 2009. In the first instance, we present a compendium of all the relevant ligands that have been employed to generate coordination polymers and Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs). Due to the huge amount of reported MOFs and coordination polymers bearing these azole rings, three representative examples for each category (therefore nine in total) are described in detail. The second section is devoted to the use of the bridging abilities of these azole ligands to prepare metal complexes (containing at least two metal centers). Given the large number and the great structural diversity of the polynuclear compounds found in the literature, these have been grouped according to their nuclearity. Finally, in the last section, the triazole- and tetrazole-containing coordination compounds exhibiting spin-crossover properties are presented. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.