Emplacement of the Taupo ignimbrite by a dilute turbulent flow

AN ignimbrite is a pumice-rich deposit that records the passage of a ground-hugging ash flow (a 'pyroclastic flow') generated by the collapse of a volcanic eruption column(1). Geologists study such deposits to reconstruct the parent eruptions and to predict the consequences of future eruptions. The 1,800-yr-old Taupo ignimbrite of New Zealand has been interpreted to represent en masse emplacement by an avalanche-like flow with a volumetric solids concentration in excess of 30% (ref. 2). The evidence for this is equivocal, however, and here we propose the alternative view that the deposit was emplaced by a relatively dilute and turbulent density current(3). We present an isothermal, hydraulic model, the results of which, taken together with existing observations, suggest that the total flow rate of solids and gas was about 40 km(3) s(-1) for around 15 minutes. This intense flux resulted in a flow which had a near-vent solids concentration of 0.3% by volume, was about 1 km thick, and travelled outward from the vent with a typical speed of 200 m s(-1). In view of the good agreement between predicted and observed radial trends in the Taupo deposit, we suggest that the origin of other ignimbrites with similar characteristics should be reconsidered.