Recognition and modelling of irradiance transitions caused by moving clouds

Fast irradiance transitions caused by the edges of shadows of moving clouds have various effects on the operation of photovoltaic (PV) systems. They can lead to situations where the grid inverter is not able to follow the global maximum power point causing extra losses. Fast fluctuations of the power fed to the electric grid can also cause energy balance and power quality problems. Further, partial shading of PV generators causes mismatch losses. In this paper, a method to recognize irradiance transitions caused by moving clouds from the measured extensive irradiance data is presented. A total of around 40,000 irradiance transitions were recognized from a measured data of 13 months around midsummer in 2011-2013 and their shading strength, duration, time of occurrence etc. have been analysed. It has been found that the duration of irradiance transitions varies a lot from a few seconds up to several minutes. The average duration of irradiance rises is clearly longer than that of falls. Shading strengths of transitions varies quite evenly from very thin shadings up to 90% shading strength and the highest transition rates take place around noon. Furthermore, a mathematical model of the irradiance transitions has been developed and validated with the extensive set of experimental data. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.