Reciprocal regulation of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine/macrophage-derived chemokine production by interleukin (IL)-4/IL-13 and interferon-γ in HaCaT keratinocytes is mediated by alternations in E-cadherin distribution

Keratinocytes produce many cytochemokines that are involved in the pathogenesis of skin disorders. In particular, the CC chemokines thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC)/macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) play an important role in the infiltration of Th2 cells. This study was undertaken to examine the regulatory effects of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, and interferon (IFN)-gamma on TARC/MDC production in the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. HaCaT cells spontaneously secrete TARC and MDC. The production of TARC/MDC was downregulated by IL-4/IL-13, whereas it was upregulated by IFN-gamma. To explore these regulatory mechanisms, we investigated the capacity of cytokines to regulate expression of several adhesion molecules that may affect TARC/MDC production. Of the adhesion molecules examined, the constitutive surface expression of E-cadherin was downregulated by IL-4/IL-13, but was upregulated by IFN-gamma. Moreover, disruption of the homophilic adherence of E-cadherin by anti-E-cadherin antibody or calcium chelation abolished the production of TARC/MDC. We further examined the distribution of the adherens junction complex composed of E-cadherin, alpha-catenin, beta-catenin, and gamma-catenin. IL-4/IL-13 decreased the levels of membrane staining for adherens junction proteins, whereas IFN-gamma increased membrane staining. Taken together, these results suggest that IL-4/IL-13 and IFN-gamma induce alternations in the distribution of adherens junctions in a different fashion and thereby contribute to the reciprocal regulation of TARC/MDC production.