Transthoracic echocardiography in models of cardiac disease in the mouse

Background Transthoracic echocardiography (M-mode and Doppler) offers a noninvasive approach for in vivo evaluation of the mouse heart. The present study examines its usefulness for assessing the morphological/functional phenotype of the left ventricle (LV) in several transgenic and surgical murine models of cardiac disease. Methods and Results Observations were made in 83 intact, anesthetized mice. In mice with a surgical arteriovenous fistula, volume overload and LV dilation were detected. In normal mice, echocardiographic indexes of increased contractility (dobutamine) were confirmed by LV dP/dt(max). In transgenic mice with overexpression of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor, heart rate and mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening were increased, indicating enhanced contractility. In colony screening of transgenic mice overexpressing the H-ms gene, 45% had increased LV wall thickness (>0.9 mm), and those showing a striking increase were selected for breeding. In mice with LV hypertrophy (aortic constriction) and normal mice, the actual LV mass determined by echocardiography correlated well (r=.93), and 95% confidence limits were determined. The maximum intraobserver and interobserver coefficients of variation for M-mode data were 0.03+/-0.29 mm (+/-2 SD), <10% for LV internal dimensions but 27% to 30% for wall thickness. Conclusions These studies provide the first application of transthoracic echocardiography for morphological/functional characterization of the cardiac phenotype in transgenic and surgical murine models, including (1) high reliability for detecting LV chamber dilation and function; (2) reliability (and its limits) for determining abnormal LV wall thickness and LV mass; (3) identification of marked, sometimes asymmetrical, hypertrophy in a transgenic model of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; and (4) usefulness for transgenic colony screening to identify markedly abnormal phenotypes.