Hormonal response to surgical stress in schoolchildren

Purpose: To determine hormone concentrations (ACTH, cortisol, beta-endorphin) in children before and after surgery, to assess the correlation between any hormonal changes and to study the influence exercised on them by the severity of surgical stress and the elective/emergency nature of the surgery. Patients and Methods: Prospective cohort of 78 children (age = 10 +/- 2.6 years, range 6-13 years) undergoing elective or emergency surgery. Preoperative and postoperative (1 and 24 hours postoperation) plasma concentrations of ACTH, cortisol and beta-endorphin were determined in all children. The severity of surgical stress was evaluated as low (< 6) or high (> 6) according to the Oxford scale. Student's t-test was used to analyse hormonal changes and the influence of degree of surgical stress and elective/emergency character of the surgery, and Pearson's coefficient for correlations between hormonal values. p < 0.05 was regarded as significant. Results: We observed a significant increase in hormonal concentrations one hour after surgery. ACTH and cortisol values normalised 24 hours after surgery, but beta-endorphin concentrations remained increased. There was a correlation between ACTH and beta-endorphin values both before surgery and one hour after. Operations with high surgical stress significantly increased cortisol concentrations one hour after surgery and beta-endorphin concentrations 24 hours after surgery. Patients selected for emergency surgery showed significantly higher concentrations of cortisol and ACTH both before and after surgery. Conclusions: Postoperative hormonal response among children of school age is characterised by increases in ACTH, cortisol and beta-endorphin one hour after surgery, and by high concentrations of beta-endorphin 24 hours after surgery. Cortisol is an index of surgical stress. Emergency surgery is associated with significant increases in ACTH and cortisol.