A conceptual analysis of five measures of metacognitive monitoring

This paper describes five indices of metacognitive monitoring referred to as absolute accuracy, relative accuracy, bias, scatter, and discrimination. I provide definitions, formulae, and a discussion of the underlying construct that each of the five types of scores measures. I discuss the type of information provided by each measure and compare situations in which each measure is most appropriate. Recommendations are made for best measurement practice, as well as directions for future research. Recommendations focus on providing an operational definition of the construct being measured, selecting the most appropriate outcome measure, and using multiple measures whenever possible to triangulate findings.