Early protective and risk factors for allergic rhinitis at age 41/2 yr

P>Allergic heredity plays a major role in the development of allergic rhinitis. In addition the introduction of food may influence the risk of subsequent allergic disease. The aim of this study was to analyse early risk factors and protective factors for allergic rhinitis at preschool age. Data were obtained from a prospective, longitudinal study of a cohort of children born in the region of western Sweden in 2003 and 8,176 families (50% of the birth cohort) were randomly selected. The parents answered questionnaires at 6 and 12 months and at 41/2 yr of age. The response rate at 41/2 yr was 4,496, i.e. 83% of the 5,398 questionnaires distributed at 41/2 yr. At 41/2 yr of age, 5.5% reported symptoms of allergic rhinitis during the last year. In the multivariate analysis, independent risk factors for allergic rhinitis were: allergic sensitisation to food allergens at 41/2 yr (OR 10.21; 95% confidence interval 4.22-24.73), recurrent wheeze at 41/2 yr (3.33; 1.56-7.10), doctor-diagnosed eczema at 41/2 yr (2.72; 1.62-4.55), parental rhinitis (2.21; 1.39-3.53), eczema first year (1.97; 1.19-3.26) and male gender (1.82; 1.13-2.94). The risk was reduced with fish introduction before 9 months (0.49; 0.29-0.82). In conclusion, we found that previous and present allergic disease, heredity and male gender increased the risk of allergic rhinitis at 41/2 yr of age. The introduction of fish before the age of 9 months reduced the risk.