Density, velocity and friction measurements in a dry-snow avalanche

A small avalanche path near the Bridger Bowl ski area in southwestern Montana has been instrumented to measure density, velocity and dynamic friction in a flowing avalanche. These measurements, made by an array of sensors mounted in the avalanche path, have been carried out for several dry-snow avalanches. Measurements of density were made using a capacitance probe that measures the dielectric constant of any material that passes in Gent of it. Through a calibration procedure, the dielectric constant of a given type of snow can be related to the density of that snow Optical sensors were used to measure light reflected from the avalanche as it passed by the sensors. Signals from adjacent optical sensors were cross-correlated to determine velocity Density and velocity measurements were made at several heights in the avalanche, with particular attention directed near the running surface. Results indicate that avalanche deformation is concentrated near the running surface where the snow density is found to be largest. Upward from the surface, the velocity gradient falls off greatly while the density also declines. Finally, the dynamic-friction coefficient at the base of the avalanche was found by measuring shear and normal forces on a roughened 23 cm x 28 cm aluminum plate mounted parallel and flush with the avalanche running surface. The ratio of the shear force to normal force on the plate provides a measure of the dynamic-friction coefficient at the base of the avalanche.