Conformational transitions of calixphyrin derivatives monitored by temperature-dependent NMR spectroscopy.: Ab initio interpretation of the spectra

Eight meso-aryl calixphyrin derivatives were synthesized and their conformational equilibria and transitions, studied with temperature-dependent NMR spectroscopy. On the basis of density functional computations, several conformer species could be identified and observed changes in chemical shifts explained. In some compounds, the aryl group rotation and porphyrin ring flipping could be monitored independently, as their NMR coalescence temperatures were well-separated. Calculated relative conformer energies, transition barriers, and isotropic shieldings agree well with the experimental data. In the meso-substituted porhyrins (calixphyrins) the sp(3) carbon atoms perturb their pi-electron system and significantly modify the molecular shape and the flexibility. Even when the conjugation of the pi-electron system was destroyed by the nonplanarity, far-range electronic induction effects still exist and influence chemical shielding and molecular geometry. The aryl functional groups moderately modify the structure of the calixphyrin ring and thus can be used for fine-tuning of the mechanical and chemical properties of these compounds.