A comprehensive liquid-state heteronuclear and multidimensional NMR study of Laurentian fulvic acid

The Boreal forest fulvic acid known as Laurentian fulvic acid (LFA) has been interrogated by state of the art heteronuclear and 2D high resolution NMR techniques. It is shown that one can obtain very highly resolved and informative spectra of a traditionally fractionated material. It was possible to observe a proton coupled system of up to seven bonds in the TOCSY spectrum and 329 peaks in the H-1,C-13-HSQC spectrum. It is found that the majority of the nitrogen in this sample is in the form of ammonium cations. From the combination of inverse-gated decoupling, APT, and INEPT C-13 spectra of LFA it can be concluded that while the aromatic moieties of LFA are highly unfunctionalized, the carbohydrate moieties are highly functionalized. Proton coupled networks are observed in the TOCSY spectrum between and within the aliphatic, functionalized aliphatic, and heteroatom substituted regions and, to a lesser extent, also between the amine/aromatic and heteroatom substituted regions. The HMBC spectrum confirms that both the aliphatic and heteroatom moieties are highly functionalized with carboxylic and alcoholic functional groups, while the aromatic moieties are very sparsely functionalized with phenolic and carboxylic functionalities. Additionally, specific model molecular structures have been identified which are consistent with experimental evidence and are in full agreement with our previously derived meso-model based on solid-state C-13 NMR data. Finally, some of the shortcomings of 2D liquid-state NMR for the characterization of humic materials are addressed.