Operation and control of wastewater treatment - A Scandinavian perspective over 20 years

This paper aims to review the development of wastewater treatment operation and control over the last two decades. Due to the authors' background and experiences there is a special emphasis on the Scandinavian perspective. Since the developments in these countries have been in the forefront in the wastewater treatment area we believe that it may give a reasonable view of the progress also in other countries. The results of regulatory, technical and economical driving forces are discussed. A brief historical review of the progress of nutrient removal is made, and current methodologies for the operation and control of nutrient removal systems is reviewed. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.