Intercalibrated passive microwave rain products from the unified microwave ocean retrieval algorithm (UMORA)

The Unified Microwave Ocean Retrieval Algorithm (UMORA) simultaneously retrieves sea surface temperature, surface wind speed, columnar water vapor, columnar cloud water, and surface rain rate from a variety of passive microwave radiometers including the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I), the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI), and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E). The rain component of UMORA explicitly parameterizes the three physical processes governing passive microwave rain retrievals: the beamfilling effect, cloud and rainwater partitioning, and effective rain layer thickness. Rain retrievals from the previous version of UMORA disagreed among different sensors and were too high in the tropics. These issues have been fixed with more realistic rain column heights and proper modeling of saturation and footprint-resolution effects in the beamfilling correction. The purpose of this paper is to describe the rain algorithm and its recent improvements and to compare UMORA retrievals with Goddard Profiling Algorithm (GPROF) and Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) rain rates. On average, TMI retrievals from UMORA agree well with GPROF; however, large differences become apparent when the instantaneous retrievals are compared on a pixel-to-pixel basis. The differences are due to fundamental algorithm differences. For example, UMORA generally retrieves higher total liquid water, but GPROF retrieves a higher surface rain rate for a given amount of total liquid water because of differences in microphysical assumptions. Comparison of UMORA SSM/I retrievals with GPCP shows similar spatial patterns, but GPCP has higher global averages because of greater amounts of precipitation in the extratropics. UMORA and GPCP have similar linear trends over the period 1988-2005 with similar spatial patterns.