Deep water formation and poleward ocean heat transport in the warm climate extreme of the Cretaceous (80 Ma)

An ocean simulation of the "greenhouse" climate of the Late Cretaceous, about 80 million years ago (Ma), demonstrates that warm salty deep water, consistent with proxy climate data, can be formed by cooling in the high latitude Southern Hemisphere. This is contrary to the long standing hypothesis of deep water formation due to evaporation over low latitude marginal seas. A reduced equator to pole temperature gradient is maintained with a poleward; ocean heat transport that is not larger than today's.