Orientation-dependent kinetics of heterogeneous electron transfer for cytochrome c immobilized on gold:: Electrochemical determination and theoretical prediction

A systematic comparison between electron-transfer rate constants measured electrochemically for different cysteine-bearing mutants of cytochrome c chemisorbed on gold surfaces in different orientations has been performed. Experimental data have been correlated with electronic coupling theoretical estimates obtained from two different empirical models for the kinetics of protein electron transfer, the tunneling pathway model and the average packing density model. The results indicate that both models also hold in the case of immobilized redox proteins, outlining their role in the rational design of optimized electron-transfer-based bioinorganic interfaces.