Astaxanthin attenuated hyperuricemia and kidney inflammation by inhibiting uric acid synthesis and the NF-ΚB/NLRP3 signaling pathways in potassium oxonate and hypoxanthine-induced hyperuricemia mice

Inflammation is an important pathological feature of hyperuricemia, which in turn aggravates hyperuricemia. Astaxanthin is a carotenoid with strong antioxidant capacity and possesses many biological activities. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of astaxanthin (ASX) on hyperuricemia and kidney inflammation in potassium oxonate (PO) and hypoxanthine (HX)-induced hyperuricemic mice. Male ICR mice were administered intragastrically with PO and HX (250 mg/kg, respectively) for 14 days. ASX was given by gavage one hour after PO and HX administration. ASX treatment significantly reversed PO and HX-induced hyperuricemia and kidney inflammation in mice as evidenced by decreased serum levels of uric acid (UA), creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and inflammatory factors (IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-a) and increased activities of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD and GSH-Px). Furthermore, ASX administration effectively inhibited the activities of key enzymes related to UA synthesis (xanthine oxidase (XOD) and adenosine deaminase (ADA)) and modulated the protein expressions of NF-xB p65, p-NF-xB p65, IxBa, p-IxBa, NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, and cleavedCaspase-1 involved in inflammation pathways. Our results suggested that ASX improved hyperuricemia and kidney inflammation induced by PO and HX, probably by reducing UA synthesis and suppressing the NF-xB and NLRP3 pathways simultaneously.