Biological phosphorus removal: Effect of low temperature

Phosphorus is a key nutrient responsible for eutrophication. Conventional activated sludge process (ASP) removes approximately 30 to 40% phosphorus. Additional phosphorus removal has been achieved by incorporating an anaerobic stage before aerobic ASP. The application of technology, however, in cold-region countries is limited. Temperature is an important consideration in the :: design of any treatment process in cold regions. In this paper, the performance of biological phosphorus removal (BPR) systems at low temperatures has been reviewed. The mechanism of BPR has been considered to analyze the effect of reduced temperature. Chemical coprecipitation of phosphorus, and acetate and/or short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production may affect BPR efficiency. Both these aspects have been reviewed in systems other than BPR.