Characteristics of the interaction between thrombin exosite 1 and the sequence 269-297 of platelet glycoprotein Ibα

The interaction between GPIb and thrombin promotes platelet activation elicited via the hydrolysis of the thrombin receptor and involves structures located on the segment 238-290 within the N-terminal domain of GPIb alpha and the positively charged exosite 1 on thrombin. We have investigated the ability of peptides derived from the 269-287 sequence of GPIb alpha to interact with thrombin. Three peptides were synthesized, including Ib alpha 269-287 and two scrambled peptides R1 and R2 which are comparable to Ib alpha 269-287 with regards to their content and distribution of anionic residues. However, R2 differs from both Ib alpha 269-287 and R1 by the shifting of one proline from a central position to the N-terminus. By chemical cross-linking, we observed the formation of a complex between I-125-Ib alpha 269-287 and alpha-thrombin that was inhibited by hirudin, the C-terminal peptide of hirudin, sodium pyrophosphate but not by heparin. The complex did not form when gamma-thrombin was substituted for alpha-thrombin. Ib alpha 269-287 produced only slight changes in thrombin amidolytic activity and inhibited thrombin binding to fibrin. R1 and R2 also formed complexes with alpha-thrombin, modified slightly its catalytic activity and inhibited its binding to fibrin. Peptides Ib alpha 269-287 and R1 inhibited platelet aggregation and secretion induced by low thrombin concentrations whereas R2 was without effect. Our results indicate that Ib alpha 269-287 interacts with thrombin exosite 1 via mainly electrostatic interactions, which explains why the scrambled peptides also interact with exosite 1. Nevertheless, the lack of effect of R2 on thrombin-induced platelet activation suggests that proline 280 is important for thrombin interaction with GPIb.