Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ polymorphisms are associated with physical performance and plasma lipids:: the HERITAGE Family Study

We tested the hypothesis that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta (PPAR delta) gene polymorphisms are associated with cardiorespiratory fitness and plasma lipid responses to endurance training. Associations between the PPAR delta exon 4 + 15 C/T and exon 7 + 65 A/G polymorphisms and maximal exercise capacity and plasma lipid responses to 20 wk of endurance training were investigated in healthy white (n = 477) and black (n = 264) subjects. In black subjects, the exon 4 + 15 C/C homozygotes showed a smaller training-induced increase in maximal oxygen consumption (P = 0.028) than the C/T and T/T genotypes. Similarly, a lower training response in maximal power output was observed in the exon 4 + 15 C/C homozygotes (P = 0.005) compared with the heterozygotes and the T/T homozygotes in black subjects, and a similar trend was evident in white subjects (P = 0.087). In white subjects, baseline apolipoprotein A-1 (Apo A-1) levels were higher in the exon 4 + 15 C/C (P = 0.011) and exon 7 + 65 G/G (P = 0.05) genotypes compared with those in the other genotypes. In white subjects, exon 4 + 15 CIC (P = 0.0025) and exon 7 + 65 G/G (P = 0.011) genotypes showed significantly greater increases in plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels with endurance training than in the other genotypes, whereas in black subjects the exon 4 + 15 CC homozygotes tended to increase (P = 0.057) their Apo A-1 levels more than the T allele carriers. DNA sequence variation in the PPAR delta locus is a potential modifier of changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and plasma HDL-C in healthy individuals in response to regular exercise.