Effect of inflammation on costimulation blockade-resistant allograft rejection

Previously, we reported that allogeneic skin grafts were rapidly rejected by CD28 and CD40 ligand double deficient mice mediated by CD8(+) T cells. These results indicated that some elements in addition to CD28- and CD40-mediated costimulation provide stimulatory signals for the activation of donor-specific CD8(+) T cells. In this report, we investigated the role of inflammation associated with transplantation on costimulation-independent priming of CD8(+) T cell during graft rejection. B6 RAG1 KO mice were transplanted with BALB/c-skin and adoptively transferred with syngeneic CD8(+) T cells the same day or 50 days after transplantation. When blockade of CD28- and CD40-mediated costimulation failed to prevent acute rejection of freshly transplanted skin grafts, it efficiently delayed rejection of well-healed skin grafts. These results showed that factors associated with transplantation have essential roles in inducing costimulation blockade-resistant allograft rejection. Costimulation blockade failed to prevent acute graft-infiltration of NK cells and increasing expression of intragraft IL-12 and IL-15. These factors may trigger the graft-infiltration and priming of CD8(+) T cells to induce costimulation blockade-resistant allograft rejection.