Rotation, scale and translation invariant spread spectrum digital image watermarking

被引：328

作者：

Ruanaidh, JJKO ^{[1
]}

Pun, T ^{[1
]}

机构：

[1] Univ Geneva, Ctr Univ Informat, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland

来源：

SIGNAL PROCESSING | 1998年 / 66卷 / 03期

关键词：

digital watermarking;

D O I：

10.1016/S0165-1684(98)00012-7

中图分类号：

TM [电工技术]; TN [电子技术、通信技术];

学科分类号：

0808 ; 0809 ;

摘要：

A digital watermark is an invisible mark embedded in a digital image which may be used for a number of different purposes including image captioning and copyright protection. This paper describes how a combination of spread spectrum encoding of the embedded message and transform-based invariants can be used for digital image watermarking. In particular, it is described how a Fourier-Mellin-based approach can be used to construct watermarks which are designed to be unaffected by any combination of rotation and scale transformations. In addition, a novel method of CDMA spread spectrum encoding is introduced which allows one to embed watermark messages of arbitrary length and which need only a secret key for decoding. The paper also describes the usefulness of Reed Solomon error-correcting codes in this scheme. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

引用

页码：303 / 317

页数：15

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