International trends in rates of hypospadias and cryptorchidism

被引:347
作者
Paulozzi, LJ [1 ]
机构
[1] Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Birth Defects & Pediat Genet, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA
关键词
abnormality; cryptorchidism; endocrine; genital; hypospadias; testicle;
D O I
10.2307/3434597
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
Researchers from seven European nations and the United States have published reports of increasing rates of hypospadias during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. Reports of increasing rates of cryptorchidism have come primarily from England, In recent years, these reports have become one focus of the debate over endocrine disruption, This study examines more recent data from a larger number of countries participating in the International Clearinghouse for Birch Defects Monitoring Systems (ICBDMS) to address the questions of whether such increases are worldwide and continuing and whether there are geographic patterns to any observed increases. The ICBDMS headquarters and individual systems provided the data. Systems were categorized into five groups based on gross domestic product in 1984. Hypospadias increases were most marked in two American systems and in Scandinavia and Japan. The increases leveled off in many systems after 1985. Increases were not seen in less affluent nations. Cryptorchidism rates were available for 10 systems. Clear increases in this anomaly were seen in two U.S. systems and in the South American system, bur not elsewhere. Since 1985, rates declined in most systems. Numerous artifacts may contribute to or cause upward trends in hypospadias Possible "real" causes include demographic changes and endocrine disruption among others.
引用
收藏
页码:297 / 302
页数:6
相关论文
共 26 条
[1]   CURRENT CONCEPTS - MATERNAL PROGESTINS AS A POSSIBLE CAUSE OF HYPOSPADIAS [J].
AARSKOG, D .
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE, 1979, 300 (02) :75-78
[2]   SURVEILLANCE OF CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS AND OTHER CONDITIONS OF NEWBORN [J].
BJERKEDAL, T ;
BAKKETEIG, LS .
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, 1975, 4 (01) :31-36
[3]   DECLINING SEMEN QUALITY AND INCREASING INCIDENCE OF TESTICULAR CANCER - IS THERE A COMMON-CAUSE [J].
CARLSEN, E ;
GIWERCMAN, A ;
KEIDING, N ;
SKAKKEBAEK, NE .
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES, 1995, 103 :137-139
[4]  
CHILVERS C, 1984, LANCET, V2, P330
[5]  
CHILVERS CED, 1992, ARCH DIS CHILD, V67, P892
[6]  
CZEIZEL A, 1985, LANCET, V1, P462
[7]   CORRELATION BETWEEN THE BIRTH PREVALENCE OF ISOLATED HYPOSPADIAS AND PARENTAL SUBFERTILITY [J].
CZEIZEL, A ;
TOTH, J .
TERATOLOGY, 1990, 41 (02) :167-172
[8]   REPRODUCTIVE IMPAIRMENT IN THE FLORIDA PANTHER - NATURE OR NURTURE [J].
FACEMIRE, CF ;
GROSS, TS ;
GUILLETTE, LJ .
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES, 1995, 103 :79-86
[9]   ANALYSIS OF MEATAL LOCATION IN 500 MEN - WIDE VARIATION QUESTIONS NEED FOR MEATAL ADVANCEMENT IN ALL PEDIATRIC ANTERIOR HYPOSPADIAS CASES [J].
FICHTNER, J ;
FILIPAS, D ;
MOTTRIE, AM ;
VOGES, GE ;
HOHENFELLNER, R .
JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, 1995, 154 (02) :833-834