Epiphytes from a deep-water characean meadow in an oligotrophic New Zealand lake: Species composition, biomass and photosynthesis

1. The epiphytic flora of a characean meadow in Lake Coleridge, a deep, oligotrophic lake on the South Island of New Zealand, was dominated by diatoms, particularly Eunotia pectinalis and Achnanthes minutissima. The meadows occupied a depth range from 5 to 30 m. Adnate taxa predominated at all depths below 5 m, while increased taxonomic diversity at 5 m resulted from an increased abundance of erect taxa, including chlorophytes and stalked diatoms. 2. Seasonal changes in epiphyte biomass were followed using artificial substrata and by estimating epiphyte chlorophyll a concentration on host plants. The latter required development of a novel technique utilizing the consistent relationship between fucoxanthin and chlorophyll a concentrations in the epiphyton. Epiphyte chlorophyll a on host plants varied with depth and host species between 0.1 and 0.3 mg g(-1) dry weight. Maximum epiphyte biomass was at 10-15 m depth. At depths of 15 m and less, epiphyte chlorophyll a reached a maximum of approximate to 200-300 mg m(-2) in mid-summer, while at greater depths maximum biomass was less and coincided with a period of clear water in spring. 3. Photosynthetic carbon fixation was estimated from photosynthesis-radiation curves and estimates of radiation flux at sampling depths. At depths greater than 10 m, variability of the vertical extinction coefficient of lake water rather than seasonal fluctuations in incident radiation were responsible for determining the temporal pattern of production. Chlorophyll a-specific photosynthesis was estimated to peak in summer at 5 m (8 mg mg(-1) day(-1)), and in spring at all other depths. 4. Annual epiphyte production was estimated as 27 g C m(-2) year(-1) at 5 m depth, falling to 15 g C m(-2) year(-1) at 15 m and 1 g C m(-2) year(-1) at 30 m. Areal biomass changes tended to be temporally but not quantitatively coupled to estimated in situ photosynthesis, and we hypothesize that epiphyte biomass may have been controlled by grazing gastropod snails.