Biological Factors Involved in Implant-Anchored Orthodontics and in Prosthetic-Implant Therapy: A Literature Review

During the past few years, the application of orthodontic miniscrews and dental implants has been expanded. However, failures have necessitated ongoing investigation of potential risk factors. The aim of this overview was to conduct an assessment of the immunological response following application of cortical temporary anchorage devices-titanium miniscrew implants-in orthodontic patients. A scrupulous search of the database revealed only two matching items; therefore studies evaluating the immune response subsequent to insertion of dental implants were reviewed. Thorough assessment revealed the following as factors associated with dental implant rejection: (1) correlation of the volume of gingival and peri-implant crevicular fluid and the amount of interleukin (IL)-1 beta with mucosal inflammation, thus serving as a peri-implantitis evaluation index; (2) significantly more frequent marginal bone loss around implants in patients with IL-1B-511 2/2 genotype; (3) humoral response to Staphylococcus aureus. However, since there is almost no evidence-based evaluation of the allergic/inflammatory reaction either to orthodontic titanium miniscrews themselves or in adolescents and young adults, who comprise the largest group of orthodontic patients, this issue requires further investigation. It is essential in order to achieve successful, sophisticated and modern treatment of malocclusions.