Synthesis of 1-(2-deoxy-β-D-ribofuranosyl)-2,4-difluoro-5-substituted-benzenes:: "Thymine replacement" analogs of thymidine for evaluation as anticancer and antiviral agents

A group of unnatural 1-(2-deoxy-beta -D-ribofuranosyl)-2,4-difluorbenzenes having a variety of C-5 two-carbon substituents II-CC-X, X = I, Br; -Cr=CH; (E)- CH=CH-X, X = I, Br; - CH=CH(2); - CH(2)CI(1); -CH(N(3)) CH(2)Br], designed as nucleoside mimics, were synthesized for evaluation as anticancer and antiviral agents. The 5-substituted (E)-CH=CH-I and -CH(2)CH(3) compounds exhibited negligible cytotoxicity in a MTT assay (CC(50) = 10(-3) to 10(-4)M range), relative to thymidine (CC(50) 10-3 to 10(-5) M range), against a variety of cancer cell lines. In contrast, the C-5 substituted -C=C-I and -CH(N(3))CH(2)Br compounds were more cytotoxic (CC(50) = 10(-5) to 10(-6) M range). The -C=C-I and -CH(2)CH(3) compounds exhibited similar cytotoxicity against non-transfected (KBALB, 143B) and HSV-1 TK(+) gene transfected (KBALB STK, 143B-LTK) cancer cell lines expressing the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) thymidine kinase gene (TK(+)). This observation indicates that expression of the viral TK enzyme did not provide a gene therapeutic effect. The parent group of 5-substituted compounds, that were evaluated using a wide variety of antiviral assay systems [HSV-1, HSV-2, varicella-zoster virus (VZV), vaccinia virus, vesicular stomatitis, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and human immunodeficiency (HIV-1, HIV-2) viruses], showed that this class of unnatural C-aryl nucleoside mimics are inactive and/or weakly active antiviral agents.