Adaptive copper tolerance in Elsholtzia haichowensis involves production of Cu-induced thiol peptides

Copper (Cu) accumulation and tolerance mechanisms in Elsholtzia haichowensis, an indicator plant of Cu mines, were investigated under hydroponics supplied with different concentrations (0.32, 50.0, 100.0 and 200.0 mu M) of Cu for 8 days. Cu at 100 and 200 mu M significantly decreased the root dry weight, but had no significant effect on shoot dry weight. The plants grown in the presence of 200 mu M Cu accumulated 288 and 7626 mu g g(-1) DW total Cu in the shoots and roots, respectively. A greater proportion of accumulated Cu was water-soluble accounting for 42-93% of the total Cu content in the shoots. The concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH) and protein thiols were significantly enhanced under excess Cu supply. However, the concentrations of these compounds, particularly protein thiols, were much higher in the leaves than that in the roots. Three UV-absorbing peaks could be eluted out through gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-50. A large amount of Cu was detected in the UV-absorbing peaks in 40-50 and 70-90 ml elution fractions of the root extract, and in 40-50 and 120-140 ml elution fractions of the leaf extract. The results suggested that the adaptive Cu tolerance mechanism in E. haichowensis might involve the active participation of protein thiols which had a more important role in the leaves than in the roots.