The 5′ boundary of the human apolipoprotein B chromatin domain in intestinal cells

The 5 ' boundary of the chromosomal domain of the human apolipoprotein B (apoB) gene in intestinal cells has been localized and characterized. It is composed of two kinds of boundary elements; the first, functional boundary is an insulator activity exhibited by a 1.8 kb DNA fragment located between -58 and -56 kb upstream of the human apoB promoter. In this region, an enhancer-blocking activity has been mapped to a CTCF binding site that is located upstream of; two apoB intestinal enhancers (IEs), the 315 IE and the 485 IE. The CTCF site represents a boundary between two types of chromatin structure: an open, DNaseI-sensitive region 3 ' of the CTCF site containing the intestinal regulatory elements and a closed, DNaseI-resistant region 5 ' of the GTCF site. The 1.8 kb fragment harboring the CTCF site also insulated mini-white transgenes against position effects in Drosophila melanogaster. The second, structural boundary is represented by a nuclear matrix attachment region (MAR), situated about 3 kb 5 ' of the CTCF site. This MAR may represent the 5 ' anchorage site for a chromosomal loop that functions to bring the intestinal regulatory elements closer to the apoB promoter.