Modulation of matrix metalloproteinase activity in human saphenous vein grafts using adenovirus-mediated gene transfer

Background. Neointima formation after human saphenous vein grafting (hSVG) involves several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs). This study assessed the feasibility of modulating MMP activity in hSVGs by adrenovirus-mediated gene transfer. Methods. First, 1 x 10(9) plaque-forming units (pfu) of replication-deficient recombinant adenoviruses encoding either beta-galactosidase (Ad beta gal), MMP-3 (AdMMP-3), or (TIMP-1) were added into the lumen of hSVGs for 1 hour. After incubation at 37 degrees C for 24 hours, specimens were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, in situ zymography, and X-gal staining. Results, By X-gal staining Ad beta gal-infected hSVGs stained positively in the intima and occasionally in the media. Immunohistochemistry of AdMMP-3- and AdTIMP-1-infected hSVGs localized these proteins to the intima. In situ zymography showed increased MMP activity in the intima of AdMMP-3-infected hSVGs relative to AdTIMP-1- or Ad beta gal-infected vessels. Conclusions. MMP-3 and TIMP activity can be regulated in hSVGs by replication-deficient recombinant adenoviruses. We have previously demonstrated that MMP-3 or TIMP-1 transduction, or both, inhibit SMC migration in an in vitro reconstituted vessel wall. Modulation of MMP activity may thus afford high patency rates in genetically engineered hSVGs. However, adenovirus-mediated gene delivery is limited to the vessel's intima; strategies to infect medial smooth muscle cells need to be developed.