CFD predictions for cement kilns including flame modelling, heat transfer and clinker chemistry

Clinker formation in coal-fired rotary cement kilns under realistic operation conditions has been modelled with a commercial axisymmetric CFD code for the gaseous phase including a Monte Carlo method for radiation, a finite-volume code for the energy equation in the kiln walls, and a novel code for the species and energy conservation equations, including chemical reactions, for the clinker. An iterative procedure between the predictions for the temperature held of the gaseous phase, the radiative heat flux to the walls, and the kiln and clinker temperature is used to predict the distribution of the inner wall temperature explicitly, including the calculation of heat flow to the clinker. It was found that the dominant mode of heat transfer between the gas and the kiln walls is by radiation and that the heat lost through the refractories to the environment is about 10% of the heat input and a further 40% is used for charge heating and clinker formation. The predictions are consistent with trends based on experience and limited measurements in a full-scale cement kiln. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.