Decline of monarch butterflies overwintering in Mexico: is the migratory phenomenon at risk?

被引:240
作者
Brower, Lincoln P. [2 ]
Taylor, Orley R. [3 ]
Williams, Ernest H. [1 ]
Slayback, Daniel A. [4 ]
Zubieta, Raul R. [5 ]
Isabel Ramirez, M. [6 ]
机构
[1] Hamilton Coll, Dept Biol, Clinton, NY 13323 USA
[2] Sweet Briar Coll, Dept Biol, Sweet Briar, VA 24595 USA
[3] Univ Kansas, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Lawrence, KS USA
[4] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
[5] Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico
[6] Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Invest Geog Ambiental, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
基金
美国国家科学基金会;
关键词
Conservation; endangered biological phenomenon; habitat; Lepidoptera; migration; monitoring; FOREST; COLONIES;
D O I
10.1111/j.1752-4598.2011.00142.x
中图分类号
X176 [生物多样性保护];
学科分类号
090705 ;
摘要
. 1. During the 20092010 overwintering season and following a 15-year downward trend, the total area in Mexico occupied by the eastern North American population of overwintering monarch butterflies reached an all-time low. Despite an increase, it remained low in 20102011. 2. Although the data set is small, the decline in abundance is statistically significant using both linear and exponential regression models. 3. Three factors appear to have contributed to reduce monarch abundance: degradation of the forest in the overwintering areas; the loss of breeding habitat in the United States due to the expansion ofGM herbicide-resistant crops, with consequent loss of milkweed host plants, as well as continued land development; and severe weather. 4. This decline calls into question the long-term survival of the monarchs' migratory phenomenon.
引用
收藏
页码:95 / 100
页数:6
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