NMR solution studies of hamster galectin-3 and electron microscopic visualization of surface-adsorbed complexes: Evidence for interactions between the N- and C-terminal domains

Galectin-3, a beta -galactoside binding protein, contains a C-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) and an N-terminal domain that includes several repeats of a proline-tyrosine-glycine-rich motif. Earlier work based on a crystal structure of human galectin-3 CRD, and modeling and mutagenesis studies of the closely homologous hamster galectin-3, suggested that N-terminal tail residues immediately preceding the CRD might interfere with the canonical subunit interaction site of dimeric galectin-1 and -2, explaining the monomeric status of galectin-3 in solution. Here we describe high-resolution NMR studies of hamster galectin-3 (residues 1-245) and several of its fragments. The results indicate that the recombinant N-terminal fragment Delta 126-245 (residues 1-125) is an unfolded, extended structure. However, in the intact galectin-3 and fragment Delta1-93 (residues 94-245), N-terminal domain residues lying between positions 94 and 113 have significantly reduced mobility values compared with those expected for bulk N-terminal tail residues, consistent with an interaction of this segment with the CRD domain. In contrast to the monomeric status of galectin-3 (and fragment Delta1-93) in solution, electron microscopy of negatively stained and rotary shadowed samples of hamster galectin-3 as well as the CRD fragment a Delta1-103 (residues 104-245) show the presence of a significant proportion (up to 30%) of oligomers, Similar imaging of the N-terminal tail fragment Delta 126-245 reveals the presence of fibrils formed by intermolecular interactions between extended polypeptide subunits. Oligomerization of substratum-adsorbed galectin-3, through N- and C-terminal domain interactions, could be relevant to the positive cooperativity observed in binding of the lectin to immobilized multiglycosylated proteins such as laminin.