Depletion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae tRNAHis guanylyltransferase Thg1p leads to uncharged tRNAHis with additional m5C

The essential Saccharomyces cerevisiae tRNA(His) guanylyltransferase (Thglp) is responsible for the unusual G(-1) addition to the 5' end of cytoplasmic tRNA(His). We report here that tRNA(His) from Thg1p-depleted cells is uncharged, although histidyl tRNA synthetase is active and the 3' end of the tRNA is intact, suggesting that G(-1) is a critical determinant for aminoacylation of tRNA His in vivo. Thg1p depletion leads to activation of the GCN4 pathway, most, but not all, of which is Gcn2p dependent, and to the accumulation of tRNA His in the nucleus. Surprisingly, tRNA(His) in Thg1p-depleted cells accumulates additional m(5)C modifications, which are delayed relative to the loss of G(-1) and aminoacylation. The additional modification is likely due to tRNA m(5)C methyltransferase Trm4p. We developed a new method to map m5C residues in RNA and localized the additional m(5)C to positions 48 and 50. This is the first documented example of the accumulation of additional modifications in a eukaryotic tRNA species.