Primary care services promoting optimal child development from birth to age 3 years - Review of the literature

Objective: To examine the evidence base for primary health care services promoting the optimal development of typically developing children aged birth to 3 years. Data Sources: Peer-reviewed publications addressing clinical evaluations of primary care services from the MEDLINE and PsychINFO databases. Study Selection: Criteria for selection were as follows: (1) publication between 1979 and 1999; (2) evaluation of efficacy or effectiveness of education, intervention, and care coordination services or validation of assessment approaches; (3) services applicable to an office practice setting; (4) target population including children aged birth to 3 years; and (5) publication in English. Data Extraction: A total of 312 publications were abstracted and reviewed by both of us; 47 were selected for inclusion. Data Synthesis: Assessments of parental concerns and psychosocial risk factors using validated approaches seem to be more accurate in identifying developmental problems than clinicians' appraisals. In general, study results support the efficacy of (1) primary care educational efforts toward promoting optimal parent-child interaction, parents' understanding of child temperament, book-sharing activities, and approaches to healthy sleep habits and (2) office interventions such as counseling for the management of excessive infant crying and sleep problems. Conclusions: The literature suggests that many primary care activities promoting the optimal development of children are efficacious. Evaluations of developmental assessment and services in primary care should be expanded in depth and breadth. The implications for clinical practice, training, and health care policy are discussed.