Impact of inadequate initial antimicrobial therapy on mortality in infections due to extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae -: Variability by site of infection

Background: Infections due to extended-spectrum P-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species (ESBL-EK) have increased markedly in recent years. Risk factors for mortality among ESBL-EK infections have not been studied. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted in a 625-bed tertiary care medical center and a 344-bed urban community hospital to determine whether inadequate initial antimicrobial therapy (IIAT) (>48 hours between the time a culture was obtained and initiation of an agent to which the infecting organism was susceptible) is associated with mortality in ESBL-EK infections. All hospitalized patients with an ESBL-EK infection between June 1, 1997, and December 31, 2002, were eligible for inclusion. Subsequently, we conducted a nested case-control study to identify risk factors for IIAT. Results: Of 187 subjects, 32 (17.1%) died while in the hospital. Clinical site of infection was a significant effect modifier in the association between HAT and mortality. The presence of HAT was an independent risk factor for mortality, but only for nonurinary ESBL-EK infections (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 10.04 [1.90-52.96]). Independent risk factors for HAT were (1) infection with a multidrug-resistant ESBL-EK (ie, resistant to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, aminoglycosides, and quinolones) (14.58 [1.91-111.36]) and (2) health care-acquired ESBL-EK infection (4.32 [1.49-12.54]). Conclusions: Inadequate initial antimicrobial therapy is an independent risk factor for mortality in ESBL-EK infections, but only among norturinary infections. Multidrug resistance was a strong risk factor for HAT.