Cyclopentenone prostaglandins induce endothelial cell apoptosis independent of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ

Cyclopentenone prostaglandins (CP-PG), such as prostaglandin A(1) (PGA(1)) or 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (PGJ(2)), induce apoptosis in different cell types. PGJ(2) is also a potent activator of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma). We investigated whether PPARgamma regulates CP-PG-induced apoptosis in endothelial cells (EC). We show that CP-PG induce apoptosis in human umbilical vein EC (HUVEC). Incubation with PGA(1) or PGJ(2) for 24 h reduced HUVEC number and viability, while the synthetic activators Wy14643 or rosiglitazone had no effect. Flow cytometry and cell cycle analysis revealed externalized phosphatidylserine, caspase-3 activation, and an increased percentage of cells with a reduced DNA content by CP-PG treatment. EMSA demonstrated an activation of PPARgamma by PGJ(2) and rosiglitazone. Immunohistochemistry of HUVEC and immunoblot analyses of protein extracts showed that PPARgamma was localized in the nuclei of HUVEC, and that CP-PG treatment decreased the amount of PPARgamma protein. This degradation was prevented by a pan-caspase inhibitor. Treatment of differentiated, endothelial-like PPARgamma-deficient stem cells, or of HUVEC transfected with dominant-negative PPARgamma with CP-PG, induced cell death and apoptosis. Our findings show that PGA(1) and PGJ(2) induce apoptosis in endothelial cells independent of PPARgamma. As the synthesis of PGJ(2) is increased at sites of inflammation, our results may suggest a possible mechanism for endothelial damage.