IL-1 receptor antagonist-deficient mice develop autoimmune arthritis due to intrinsic activation of IL-17-producing CCR2+Vγ6+γδ T cells

Interleukin-17 (IL-17)-producing gamma delta T (gamma delta 17) cells have been implicated in inflammatory diseases, but the underlying pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that both CD4(+) and gamma delta 17 cells are required for the development of autoimmune arthritis in IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra)-deficient mice. Specifically, activated CD4(+) T cells direct gd T-cell infiltration by inducing CCL2 expression in joints. Furthermore, IL-17 reporter mice reveal that the V gamma 6(+) subset of CCR2(+) gamma delta T cells preferentially produces IL-17 in inflamed joints. Importantly, because IL-1Ra normally suppresses IL-1R expression on gd T cells, IL-1Ra-deficient mice exhibit elevated IL-1R expression on V gamma 6(+) cells, which play a critical role in inducing them to produce IL-17. Our findings demonstrate a pathogenic mechanism in which adaptive and innate immunity induce an autoimmune disease in a coordinated manner.