Ammonia removal from aqueous solutions by Iranian natural zeolite

The capability of Iranian natural clinoptilolite for ammonia removal from aqueous solutions has been thoroughly studied. Both batch and continuous (column) experiments were carried out. The viability of this natural zeolite in reducing the leakage of ammonia to the environment through waste water streams was a main focus of this research. Through the batch experiments, the effect of process variables such as the size of zeolite particles, pH, and ammonia concentration of the feed solution on the kinetics of ammonia uptake were investigated. Ammonia removal occurred rapidly and within the first 15 minutes of contact time, a major part of ammonia was removed from the solution. An adsorption capacity about 17.8 mg NH4+/g zeolite at feed ammonia concentration of 50 mg/L was obtained and the optimum range for pH was achieved about 5.5-7.6. The adsorption capacity of clinoptilolite in the continuous mode was about 15.16 and 15.36 mg NH4+/g zeolite for the original and regenerated types of clinoptilolite, respectively, where feed ammonium concentration was 50 mg/L. Increasing the feed ammonium concentration to 100 mg/L did not reduce the capability of the column for its ammonium removal and up to a bed volume (BV) of 85, there was only less than 1 mg/L ammonium in the column outlet. Presence of cations such as Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+ in the feed solution reduced the clinoptilolite adsorption capacity to about 11.68 mg NH4+/g zeolite. Regeneration experiments were carried out using concentrated sodium chloride solutions, as well as tap water. Where tap water was used as the regenerant, gradual release of ammonium from exhausted clinoptilolite was observed.