The renin-angiotensin system and its receptors

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in blood pressure control and in water and salt homeostasis. It is involved in the pathophysiology of hypertension and structural alterations of the vasculature, kidney, and heart, including neointima formation, nephrosclerosis, postinfarction remodeling, and cardiac left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Recently, an increased knowledge of the effector peptides of the RAS, their receptors, and their respective functions has led to a new principle of treatment for hypertension: the inhibition of angiotensin (Ang)II via angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or Ang II-receptor antagonists. In this review, the Ang receptors AT(1) and AT(2) and the potential roles of shorter angiotensin fragments, including Ang III(2-8), Ang IV(3-8), and Ang(1-7), are discussed.