Electrokinetic phenomena associated with a water injection experiment at the Nojima fault on Awaji Island, Japan

Self-potential variations were measured to estimate the magnitude of electrokinetic and hydrological parameters (zeta potential and permeability) of the Nojima Fault zone in Awaji, Japan. The study observed self-potential variations that seemed to be associated with water flow from the injection well to the fracture zone, which were induced by turning the injection on and off. Amplitudes of the variations were a few to 0.03 V across 320-450 m dipoles. These variations can be explained well with an electrokinetic model. The quantity k/zeta (permeability/zeta potential) is in the range 1.6 x 10(-13) - 5.4 x 10(-13) m(2)/V. Permeability of the Nojima fault zone can be estimated as approximately 10(-16)-10(-15) m(2) on the assumption that the zeta potential is in the range -0.01 to -0.001 V.