Refinement of proteins at subatomic resolution with MOPRO

Crystallography at subatomic resolution permits the observation and measurement of the non-spherical character of the atomic electron density. Charge density studies are being performed on molecules of increasing size. The MOPRO least-squares refinement software has thus been developed, by extensive modifications of the program MOLLY, for protein and supramolecular chemistry applications. The computation times are long because of the large number of reflections and the complexity of the multipolar model of the atomic electron density; the structure factor and derivative calculations have thus been parallelized. Stereochemical and dynamical restraints as well as the conjugate gradient algorithm have been implemented. A large number of the normal matrix off-diagonal terms turn out to be very small and the block diagonal approximation is thus particularly efficient in the case of large structures at very high resolution.