Measurements of glucose on the skin surface, in stratum corneum and in transcutaneous extracts: Implications for physiological sampling

Obtaining representative physiological samples for glucose analysis remains a challenge especially when developing less invasive glucose monitoring systems for diabetic patients. In the present study the glucose content of the stratum corneum was compared with the amount of glucose obtained by short aqueous extractions from a site on the dorsal wrist, using high pressure liquid chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Ten successive aqueous 1-minute extractions of the site yielded a total of 60 ng cm(-2). The total glucose content of the stratum corneum of the site, determined from 30 successive tapestrippings of the site, was 360 ng cm(-2). After tapestripping, the transcutaneous aqueous extraction rate was 86 +/- 13 ng cm(-2) min(-1), compared with rates of 80-600 ng cm(-2) min(-1) obtained with suction effusion or microdialysis after tapestripping. Glucose on the surface of the skin and within the stratum corneum should be considered as sources of extraneous glucose contamination during testing of less invasive glucose monitoring devices.