Morphological and molecular analysis of the early developing chick requires an expanded series of primitive streak stages

A detailed analysis of the gastrulating chick embryo was performed using three methods: time-lapse videotaping of embryos in culture, histological semithin sections, and in situ hybridization with 10 mRNA signals expressed during gastrulation. The results suggest that the gene expression pattern of Goosecoid, Hex, Crescent, and Bmp7 may be involved in the axial establishment of the temporal and spatial arrangement of cells forming the prechordal plate endoderm, and that Chordin, cNot1, Noggin, and Brachyury are precocious markers of cells coming from Hensen's node, which contribute to the rostralmost tip of the notochord, its arrowhead, the head process, and, later, the elongating notochord. These results explain several earlier descriptions based only on morphological analyses of the axial mesodermal structures characteristic of the gastrulation stages. The data, carefully observed and compared with the whole-mount observation in time-lapse video, show that the changes in cell populations, movements, and cell differentiation occur step-by-step over a precise temporal range, which requires the establishment of a subdivision of the stages usually employed. Knowledge of new aspects of avian gastrulation, including gene expression patterns, immunocytochemical analyses, and the great number of recent experiments based on micro-injections or transplants of groups of cells to analyze processes of induction or regulation, need the support of a precisely defined scheme of primitive streak stages (PS-stages), and a correlation of these stages with other approaches to provide a finer resolution of the staging steps, and thus to facilitate a better understanding of the initial gastrulation period. (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.