Neural control of three-dimensional eye and head movements

Although the eyes and head can potentially rotate about any three-dimensional axis during orienting gaze shifts, behavioral recordings have shown that certain lawful strategies - such as Listing's law and Donders' law - determine which axis is used for a particular sensory input. Here, we review recent advances in understanding the neuromuscular mechanisms for these laws, the neural mechanisms that control three-dimensional head posture, and the neural mechanisms that coordinate three-dimensional eye orientation with head motion. Finally, we consider how the brain copes with the perceptual consequences of these motor acts.