Developing fully functional E-government: A four stage model

Literature reports the experiences with e-government initiatives as chaotic and unmanageable, despite recent numerous initiatives at different levels of government and academic and practitioners' conferences on e-government. E-government presents a number of challenges for public administrators. To help public administrators think about e-govenunent and their organizations, this article describes different stages of e-government development and proposes a 'stages of growth' model for fully functional e-government, Various government websites and related e-government initiatives help to ground and explain this model. These stages outline the multi-perspective transformation within government structures and functions as they make transitions to e-government through each stage. Technological and organizational challenges for each stage accompany these descriptions. At the same time, this paper describes how the e-government becomes amalgamated with traditional public administrative structure. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.