Silica-induced chemokine expression in alveolar type II cells is mediated by TNF-α

Recent evidence has suggested that epithelial cells may contribute to the inflammatory response in the lung after exposure to crystalline silica through the production of and response to specific growth factors, chemokines, and cytokines. However, the exact cellular and molecular responses of epithelial cells to silica exposure remains unclear. Using a murine alveolar type II cell line [murine lung epithelial (MLE)-15 cell line], we measured the early changes in various cytokine and chemokine mRNA species after exposure of the cells to 4-35 mu g/cm(2) of silica (cristobalite), interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone or in combination. Total mRNA was isolated and assayed with an RNase protection assay after 6 and 24 h of exposure. Cristobalite exposure alone led to an increase in monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, and regulated on activation normal T cells expressed and secreted (RANTES) mRNAs. Treatment with IFN-gamma alone increased MCP-1 mRNA levels. Treatment with TNF-alpha or LPS alone led to an increase in MCP-1 and MIP-2 mRNA. The combination of cristobalite plus TNF-alpha led to an additive increase in MCP-1 and MIP-2, whereas cristobalite plus IFN-gamma or LPS had a synergistic effect. We also found with a TNF-alpha-neutralizing antibody that TNF-alpha plays a major role in mediating the type II cell chemokine response to cristobalite exposure. The results indicate that the cristobalite-induced chemokine response in the lung epithelium is mediated in part by TNF-alpha and can be enhanced by macrophage- and lymphocyte-derived inflammatory mediators in an additive and synergistic fashion.