Integrated research: concepts of connection in environmental science and policy

The idea of integration in research has risen rapidly in both environmental science and public environmental policy since the mid-1990s, and has encouraged innovative relationships between scientists and practitioners in a range of contexts, Yet the concept of integration is broad and ambiguous, which inhibits efforts to learn from these innovations. In this paper, I review the different concepts of integration that currently exist in international and Australian science and environmental policy contexts. Drawing on comprehensive examples, I identify 12 thematic categories of integration. The themes encompass integration within science, as well as integration between scientific and non-scientific partners. They also include integration focused on activities, and on the organisational or institutional structures, that govern research activity, These groupings reflect significant differences in the ways science-policy relationships are understood. and the main problems integration is intended to overcome. They serve as a foundation for a framework that researchers, policy-makers and other partners can use to compare and learn front different integrative research approaches. This is a first step towards building a comprehensive understarding of how integration can contribute to better environmental outcomes. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.