Mechanisms of developmental control of transcription in the murine α- and β-globin loci

We have characterized mRNA expression and transcription of the mouse alpha- and beta-globin loci during development. S1 nuclease and primary transcript in situ hybridization analyses demonstrate that all seven murine globin genes (zeta, alpha 1, alpha 2, epsilon y, beta H1, beta maj, and beta min) are transcribed during primitive erythropoiesis, however transcription of the zeta, epsilon Y, and beta H1 genes is restricted to the primitive erythroid lineage. Transcription of the beta maj and beta min genes in primitive cells is EKLF-dependent demonstrating EKLF activity in embryonic red cells, Novel kinetic analyses suggest that multigene expression in the beta locus occurs via alternating single-gene transcription whereas coinitiation cannot be ruled our in the alpha locus. Transcriptional activation of the individual murine beta genes in primitive cells correlates inversely with their distance from the locus control region, in contrast with the human beta locus in which the adult genes are only activated in definitive erythroid cells. The results suggest that the multigene expression mechanism of alternating transcription is evolutionarily conserved between mouse and human beta globin loci but that the timing of activation of the adult genes is altered, indicating important fundamental differences in globin gene switching.