Cytoprotective and antioxidant effects of boldine on tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced damage to isolated hepatocytes

Boldine, an aporphine alkaloid, was recently shown by us to exhibit potent antioxidant properties. We report here that boldine concentration-dependently inhibited the peroxidative (accumulation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) and lytic damage (trypan blue exclusion and lactate dehydrogenase leakage) to isolated rat hepatocytes induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBOOH). Boldine (200 mu mol/L) fully cytoprotected and completely prevented the peroxidation induced by TBOOH at concentrations equal to or lower than 0.87 mmol/L. However, at a peroxide concentration of 0.91 mmol/L, although boldine completely inhibited lipid peroxidation it largely failed to afford cytoprotection against TBOOH. TBOOH alone (0.83 mmol/L) caused an early (within 60 s) sudden decline of reduced glutathione (by 50%) and an equivalent increase in the levels of oxidized glutathione. Neither of these effects was prevented by the simultaneous addition of a cytoprotective and antioxidant concentration of boldine (200 mu mol/L). The delayed addition of boldine to the suspension (after 10 or 20 min), while effectively blocking any further increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, totally failed to prevent the peroxide-induced loss in cell viability. Conversely, preincubation of the hepatocytes with boldine for 150 min (at which time no boldine could be detected in either intra- or extracellular spaces) prevented lipid peroxidation and was as effective in protecting the cells against the damage caused by the subsequent addition of TBOOH as the simultaneous addition of boldine and TBOOH to hepatocytes preincubated for 150 min under control conditions.