Market integration of local energy systems: Is local energy management compatible with European regulation for retail competition?

The growing penetration of distributed energy resources is opening up opportunities for local energy management (LEM) - the coordination of decentralized energy supply, storage, transport, conversion and consumption within a given geographical area. Because European electricity market liberalization concentrates competition at the wholesale level, local energy management at the distribution level is likely to impose new roles and responsibilities on existing and/or new actors. This paper provides insights into the appropriateness of organizational models for flexibility management to guarantee retail competition and feasibility for upscaling. By means of a new analytical framework three projects in the Netherlands and one in Germany have been analysed. Both the local aggregator and dynamic pricing projects present potentials for retail competition and feasibility of upscaling in Europe. (C) 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license.