Atrial natriuretic peptide-dependent photolabeling of a regulatory ATP-binding site on the natriuretic peptide receptor-A

The natriuretic peptide receptor-A ( NPR-A) is composed of an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a transmembrane-spanning domain, a kinase homology domain (KHD) and a guanylyl cyclase domain. Because the presence of ATP or adenylylimidodiphosphate reduces atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) binding and is required for maximal guanylyl cyclase activity, a direct interaction of ATP with the receptor KHD domain is plausible. Therefore, we investigated whether ATP interacts directly with a binding site on the receptor by analyzing the binding of a photoaffinity analog of ATP to membranes from human embryonic kidney 293 cells expressing the NPR-A receptor lacking the guanylyl cyclase moiety (Delta GC). We demonstrate that this receptor (NPR-A-Delta GC) can be directly labeled by 8-azido-3'-biotinyl-ATP and that labeling is highly increased following ANP treatment. The mutant receptor Delta KC, which does not contain the KHD, is not labeled. Photoaffinity labeling of the NPR-A-Delta GC is reduced by 50% in the presence of 550 mu M ATP, and competition curve fitting studies indicate a Hill slope of 2.2, suggestive of cooperative binding. This approach demonstrates directly that the interaction of ANP with its receptor modulates the binding of ATP to the KHD, probably through a conformational change in the KHD. In turn, this conformational change is essential for maximal activity. In addition, the ATP analog, 8-azido-adenylylimidodiphosphate, inhibits guanylyl cyclase activity but increases ANP binding to the extracellular domain. These results suggest that the KHD regulates ANP binding and guanylyl cyclase activity independently.